Consumer Duty information for firms

For the purposes of the Duty, a closed product or service must meet both of the following criteria:

• There are existing customers who took out a contract before 31 July 2023, and
• The product or service hasn’t been marketed or distributed (including by renewal) on or after 31 July 2023.

Importantly, a product that was closed to new customers on or after 31 July 2023 is not a closed product for the purposes of the Duty. These products became subject to the Duty on 31 July 2023.

The Consumer Duty does not apply retrospectively. Both we and the Financial Ombudsman Service work on the basis that conduct should be judged on the rules and standards in place at that time.

We have been working closely with the Financial Ombudsman to make sure our interpretations are consistent, while recognising the different roles that we both play.

We have made some changes in the March 2023 Handbook Notice[2] to make certain points clearer in the rules: 

• The application to firms approving or communicating financial promotions.
• The application to firms in the temporary marketing permissions regime (TMPR).
• The 'closed product' and ‘existing product’ definitions.
• The application to credit unions.

This follows on from our consultation in December 2022[3] and the changes are consistent with our position in Consultation Paper CP21/36[4]. 

We are still considering responses to the December consultation in relation to the amendments we had proposed on:

• Defined benefit occupational pension schemes.
• Non-retail financial instruments.
• Exemptions in sectoral Sourcebooks.

If we take any of these proposals forward, we will grant an appropriate implementation period for any changes we make to the rules.

If your firm is in scope of the Consumer Duty, your application must prove that you can comply with the Consumer Duty. We expect your application to be tailored to your firm and expressly set out how your firm will act to consistently deliver good outcomes to retail customers.

To help us assess whether you can comply with the Consumer Duty you should provide all the policies, processes, Management Information (MI) and any other materials you have created or rely on to support your firm’s compliance with the Consumer Duty. These should include the following. This is not an exhaustive list, and you may be asked to review and amend any documents you submit or create new documents should they deemed to be missing:

• Target market analysis and identification.
• A product and service governance framework.
• A fair value assessment framework. 
• Customer understanding assessment & testing framework. 
• Customer support monitoring polices and supporting Management Information (MI) suite.
• Customer outcome monitoring framework. 
• Root cause identification process.

With the Duty in force, firms need to make sure, and be able to show us, that they are acting to deliver good customer outcomes. 

We will be proportionate to the harm – or risk of harm - to consumers, prioritising the most serious breaches and acting swiftly and assertively. In some cases, firms can expect us to take robust action, such as interventions or investigations, along with possible disciplinary sanctions.

We understand that some firms will need to continually improve the way they use data and analytics to demonstrate compliance and we will be pragmatic and open in working with them on this.

The Duty applies in a reasonable way. The focus on good customer outcomes applies to all aspects of firms’ operations and culture. All firms have a Duty to act to deliver good outcomes for their customers. What this means in practice will depend on key factors, including:

• The nature of the product or service. More complicated products are likely to need more attention than simpler or less risky products. 
• The characteristics of a firm’s customers. Where customers are more likely to have characteristics of vulnerability, for example, we would expect it to take additional care. 
• The firm’s relationship with its customers. Obligations under the Duty reflect the firm’s role and ability to influence retail customer outcomes. We would expect firms to focus on harms that are reasonably foreseeable. 
• The size of the firm. We do not expect a small firm to apply the same resources or processes as a large firm. 

We set out more on how the Duty applies reasonably in Chapter 4 of FG22/5[5].

Only firms conducting regulated activities in the UK are within our regulatory remit and subject to the Duty.

Where the distribution chain involves firms in Gibraltar selling products or services to UK retail customers, the Duty still applies. It applies to those firms whether they have an establishment in the UK or operate on a cross-border basis.

We recognise that risks remain for UK retail customers if the distribution chain involves other parties outside the UK that are not subject to equivalent requirements. To help manage this risk, UK distributors of non-UK products and services must take all reasonable steps to understand the product or service, the target market it would serve and the value it provides so that it will be distributed appropriately. 

Regulated firms should also consider whether including a firm that is not subject to the Duty in the distribution chain leads to a risk of poor customer outcomes. 

There is more information on application outside of the UK in Chapter 2 of our FG22/5[5].

For firms dealing with non-UK customers, the Duty applies in line with the existing regulatory perimeter. Where current rules apply to a UK firm dealing with non-UK customers, the Duty will also apply.

Where the chain includes firms outside the UK, which are not subject to the Duty, we recognise that UK firms may not be able to meet elements of the Duty to the same degree. A UK product manufacturer may find it difficult to obtain information from non-UK distributors about their distribution of the product. 

In this case, UK firms should consider what is reasonable in the circumstances. For example, they could use any information that they do have available to support their work. We would not expect UK firms to obtain information from firms that are not subject to the Duty.

A key part of the Duty is that firms assess, test, understand and evidence the outcomes their customers are receiving. Without this, it will be impossible for firms to know that they are meeting the requirements set out in the Consumer Duty.

The type of information firms will use will vary depending on factors like:

• size 
• client base 
• types of products and services that they offer 

Firms will need to use their judgement to identify data sources as evidence against the outcomes of the Duty. Chapter 11 of our Finalised Guidance[6] gives examples of the types of data firms could collect.

Our rules require a firm’s board, or equivalent governing body, to review and approve a report on the outcomes received by retail customers. This assessment needs to be done at least once a year, so for firms with new and existing products and services the first report was due by 31 July 2024. 

The assessment should include: 

• The results of the monitoring you have undertaken to assess whether products and services are delivering expected outcomes in line with the Duty.
• Any evidence of poor outcomes, including whether any group of customers is receiving worse outcomes compared to another group, and an evaluation of the impact and the root cause. 
• An overview of the actions taken to address any risks or issues. 
• How the firm’s future business strategy is consistent with acting to deliver good outcomes under the Duty. 

Before signing off the assessment, the board or equivalent governing body should agree:

• The action required to address any identified risks.
• Any action required to address poor outcomes experienced by customers.
• Whether any changes to the firm’s future business strategy are required.

Our rules do not set a specific template for the Board report, and it is for individual firms to determine what is appropriate for them. The length and detail of reports will likely depend on the nature and extent of your firm’s business activities and the impact they have on consumer outcomes.

The Duty applies in a reasonable way, and we recognise firms will have different capabilities depending on their size, resources and activities. Smaller firms should think about how they can bring in some independence and objectivity into their assessment in the absence of a Board, for example, through a critical friend who can provide support and challenge. 

From July, we will review a broad sample of reports and will publish our insights to help drive good practice. You don’t need to send us your Board report, but we do expect you to be able to provide it if asked.

Chapters 10 and 11 of our Finalised Guidance[7] contain more information on governance and monitoring outcomes under the Duty.

For more information, read Consumer Duty board reports: good practice and areas for improvement[3],

We want firms’ Boards and senior management to make good outcomes for consumers central to their firm’s culture, strategy and business objectives.

In FG22/5[8], we said that we expect firms to have a champion at Board (or equivalent governing body) level to support the Chair and CEO in raising the Duty regularly in all relevant discussions, and challenging the firm’s governing body/management on how it is embedding the Duty and focusing on consumer outcomes.

The Duty came into force for open products and services on 31 July 2023, and for closed products and services on 31 July 2024. It should therefore be well-embedded in firms’ management discussions, processes, and policies.

On this basis, we want to provide firms with greater flexibility on their ongoing governance arrangements and from 27 February 2025 we no longer expect them to have a Duty champion, although they can retain the role should they wish to do so.

Our rules require firms to ensure that their obligations under the Duty are reflected in their strategies, governance, leadership and people policies, including incentives at all levels. Firms also need to ensure that retail customer outcomes remain central to the firm’s risk control arrangements and internal audit function.

We want firms to be able to:

• Identify customers in vulnerable circumstances.
• Understand their needs.
• Act to meet those needs where necessary.

This should help achieve good outcomes for customers, which is at the heart of the Consumer Duty.

Under the Duty we expect firms to actively encourage customers to share information about their needs or circumstances, where relevant.

Firms should:

• Set up systems and processes that enable customers to disclose their needs.
• Support staff to actively identify signs of vulnerability, for instance through training and resources.

Firms should try to recognise the needs of consumers, whatever channel they use.

Firms with digital channels could introduce tools, such as text boxes or chatbots, to allow consumers to share information about their needs.

Firms that speak to customers face to face or on the phone can support staff to:

• Recognise observable signs of vulnerability.
• Encourage the customer to discuss their needs.

This should allow firms to capture information about customer needs, such as characteristics of vulnerability or for communication.

Unless firms capture such information, it’s highly unlikely that they'll meet the needs of all their customers. 

For more information, read our publication on delivering good outcomes for customers in vulnerable circumstances – good practice and areas for improvement[1].

The Duty applies to all firms with a key role in delivering retail customer outcomes, including those with no direct customer relationship. For example, it applies to firms that can determine or influence:

• The design or operation of retail products or services, including their price and value.
• Communications with retail customers.
• Customer support for retail customers.

Where this applies, a firm's responsibilities under the Duty will depend on the firm’s role and level of influence. 

See Chapter 2 of our Finalised Guidance[10] for how the Duty applies across the distribution chain.

Manufacturers and distributors need to work together and share information, in order to perform their own roles effectively and deliver good outcomes.

Distributors should have a clear understanding of the target market and the way products operate. We expect distributors to get the information they need from manufacturers, and manufacturers to be monitoring that their products are delivering good consumer outcomes. 

6.68 of FG22/5[12] includes examples of the type of information we would expect to be shared, where appropriate. 

In general, we do not expect distributors to share information without being asked. We expect the manufacturer to consider what information would be helpful and to take reasonable steps to gather it. For example, through focus groups or sending surveys to distributors.

Unless there are regulatory or contractual requirements, firms are only responsible for their own activities and do not need to oversee the actions of other firms in the distribution chain.

If a firm identifies consumer harm elsewhere in the chain it must raise the concerns with other relevant parties. This could include situations where a distributor identifies foreseeable harm or problems with the way a product or service is operating in practice.

Firms must also notify us where they become aware that another firm in the distribution chain may not be complying with the Duty. This expectation is in line with the existing Principle 11 requirement to inform us of anything relating to the firm which we reasonably expect notice of.

Under the Consumer Understanding outcome, we expect consumers to be given the information they need, at the right time, and presented in a way they can understand. 

Data protection laws (the UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018) and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 (PECR) don't stop firms from telling customers about better deals or providing information that they need to know as part of their relationship with that firm.

Administrative or customer service messages aren't considered to be direct marketing, so there are no restrictions on communicating this type of information. Firms can also provide regulatory communications to all customers that provide neutral, factual information. For example, information about the product they hold, terms of other available products, and what their options are for moving to another product.

The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) guidance on direct marketing and regulatory communications[-7] explains how to draft regulatory communications, and includes illustrative examples.

The FCA requires regulated firms to act to deliver good outcomes for all consumers, including those in vulnerable circumstances. In practice, this can involve processing personal information, and where appropriate, sharing data related to vulnerability.

We published a joint statement[-6] to help firms understand the relevant FCA and ICO expectations around data processing in terms of:

• Supporting consumers in vulnerable circumstances.
• Sharing vulnerability related data appropriately across the distribution chain.
• Monitoring outcomes for these consumers.